ʻO ke kinona o ka puʻupaʻa i hoʻonui ʻia ka nephron glomerulus lapaʻau. Ke anatomy o ka puʻupaʻa kanaka. Ke anamanaʻo o ka ʻōnaehana mimi endocrine. Ke anamanaʻo lapaʻau.

Nā Hiʻohiʻona: Aia ke kumu hoʻohālike i ʻekolu mau hiʻohiʻona i hoʻonui ʻia o ka ʻāpana puʻupaʻa, nephron a me glomerulus, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana puʻupaʻa (renal cortex, renal medulla, proximal tubule, distal tubule, medullary sacrum, collecting duct, papillary tube, puʻupaʻa liʻiliʻi), puʻupaʻa, renal pelvis, ureter); ʻano nephron, renal corpuscle (ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo glomerular) a me nā renal tubules; ʻano glomerular (i haku ʻia me nā ʻeke vascular a me renal, e hōʻike ana hoʻi i nā cell paracellular, Aia he 8 mau ʻāpana puʻupaʻa, 14 nephrons, a me 6 mau māka glomerular.

Nā Ana: ʻāpana puʻupaʻa i hoʻonui ʻia: kiʻekiʻe 14.5cm, laulā 10cm, mānoanoa 3cm; hoʻonui nephron: kiʻekiʻe 19cm, laulā 15cm, mānoanoa 1.9cm; hoʻonui glomerular: kiʻekiʻe 14.5cm, laulā 8.5cm, mānoanoa 5cm

Mea Hana: mea PVC i lawe ʻia mai, pena i lawe ʻia mai, hoʻohālikelike kala kamepiula, pena kiʻekiʻe

Lawelawe ma hope o ke kūʻai aku: Inā ʻaʻole i hōʻino ʻia ka huahana hoʻohālike e nā kumu kanaka, hoʻokahi makahiki kā mākou manawa hōʻoia manuahi.

1. Hana ʻia ka huahana me ka PVC kiʻekiʻe a palekana a me ka ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa.
2. Mai pilau. ʻO ke ʻala o nā huahana plastik he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi loa ia e ana i kona hopena i ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana. ʻO kēlā mau huahana plastik e hōʻole ai iā ʻoe e ʻaʻa i kona ʻala i ka wā lōʻihi, pono ia he mea ʻino a palekana ʻole hoʻi.
3. Mai hoʻopilikia. ʻAʻole lawa ka mea e hōʻoia i ka mānoanoa o ke kumu hoʻohālike ma mua o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻopihapiha e mālama i ke ʻano, hiki iā ia ke kū i ka mahana 40-60 centidegree a lanakila i ka hoʻāʻo o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka pahu, ʻaʻole loa e hoʻololi.
4. ʻAʻole maʻalahi e haki. ʻO ka hiki ke kū i ke kaomi kekahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi loa.
5. ʻAʻohe wai effusion. Hana kekahi mea hana kūloko o nā huahana like i nā mea haʻahaʻa, akā ma hope o kekahi manawa o ka waiho ʻana, e hoʻomaka nā huahana e komo i loko o ka wai ʻaila viscous, a e hoʻopuka i kahi ʻala ʻino ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, ma hope o kekahi manawa lōʻihi, me ka lahilahi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike, e hana ia i ka huahana ʻaʻole hiki ke kū pololei.
6. Maʻalahi e mālama a lawe.
7. Ka pilikia maʻamau a me ke kiʻi maopopo, nā kala ʻōlinolino. E like me ke kiʻi āu i hoʻouna mai ai iaʻu, hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kikoʻī. ʻO kā mākou huahana like wale nō, nā kala ʻōlinolino i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i nā ʻano anatomical like ʻole, i hana ʻia me ka maʻalahi.