ʻAʻole hana ʻo Rui Diogo no, nona nā ʻāpana, a loaʻa kālā paha mai kekahi hui a hui paha e pōmaikaʻi mai kēia ʻatikala, a ʻaʻohe mea e hōʻike ʻia ma mua o kona kūlana hoʻonaʻauao. Nā pilina pili ʻē aʻe.
Ua komo ka hoʻokae ʻili a me ka hoʻokae wahine i loko o ka nohona kanaka mai ka wanaʻao o ka mahiʻai, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke kanaka e noho ma kahi hoʻokahi no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ua aʻo ʻia nā kānaka ʻepekema Komohana mua, e like me Aristotle ma Helene kahiko, e ka ethnocentrism a me ka misogyny i komo i loko o ko lākou mau kaiāulu. Ma mua o 2,000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hana a Aristotle, ua hoʻonui pū ka mea ʻike honua Pelekane ʻo Charles Darwin i nā manaʻo hoʻokae wahine a me ka hoʻokae wahine āna i lohe ai a heluhelu ai i kona wā ʻōpiopio i ke ao kūlohelohe.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Darwin i kāna mau manaʻo hoʻokae ma ke ʻano he ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻepekema, no ka laʻana ma kāna puke 1871 ʻo The Descent of Man, kahi āna i wehewehe ai i kona manaʻoʻiʻo he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā poʻe ʻEulopa ma mua o nā poʻe ʻaʻole ʻEulopa, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hierarchies, nā lāhui kanaka ʻōnaehana ma mua o nā kaiāulu kaulike liʻiliʻi. Ke aʻo mau nei ʻia ma nā kula a me nā hale hōʻikeʻike mōʻaukala kūlohelohe i kēia lā, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ʻaʻole i ulu nui ʻia nā "mea hoʻonaninani ʻino a me nā mele like ʻole i hoʻomana ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā poʻe hihiu" e like me kekahi mau holoholona, e like me nā manu, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ulu nui ʻia e like me kekahi mau holoholona, e like me ka monkey New World ʻo Pithecia satanas.
Ua paʻi ʻia ʻo The Descent of Man i ka wā o ka haunaele kaiaulu ma ka ʻāina ʻEulopa. Ma Palani, ua hele ka Paris Commune o nā limahana i nā alanui e koi i ka hoʻololi kaiaulu koʻikoʻi, me ka hoʻokahuli ʻana i ka hierarchy kaiaulu. ʻO ka manaʻo o Darwin ʻo ka hoʻoluhi ʻia ʻana o ka poʻe ʻilihune, nā poʻe ʻaʻole ʻEulopa, a me nā wahine he hopena kūlohelohe ia o ka holomua o ka evolutionary he mele maoli nō ia i nā pepeiao o nā elite a me ka poʻe i ka mana ma nā pōʻai ʻepekema. Ua kākau ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema ʻo Janet Brown ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o Darwin i loko o ke kaiāulu Victorian ma muli o kāna mau palapala, ʻaʻole i kāna mau palapala hoʻokae a me ka sexist.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha i hāʻawi ʻia ai ʻo Darwin i kahi hoʻolewa mokuʻāina ma Westminster Abbey, he hōʻailona hanohano o ka mana Pelekane a hoʻolauleʻa ʻia i ka lehulehu ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka "lanakila honua holomua o Pelekane i ke kūlohelohe a me ka nohona kanaka i ka wā lōʻihi o Victoria."
ʻOiai nā loli koʻikoʻi o ka nohona i nā makahiki 150 i hala iho nei, ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻōlelo hoʻokae wahine a me ka hoʻokae lāhui i ka ʻepekema, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ma ke ʻano he polopeka a he mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui ʻo Howard, makemake wau e hoʻohui i kaʻu mau kahua nui o ke aʻo ʻana—biology a me anthropology—e kūkākūkā i nā pilikia pili kaiaulu ākea. Ma kahi noiʻi aʻu i paʻi ai me kaʻu hoa hana ʻo Fatima Jackson a me ʻekolu mau haumāna lapaʻau ʻo Howard, ke hōʻike nei mākou ʻaʻole he mea o ka wā i hala ka ʻōlelo hoʻokae wahine a me ka hoʻokae lāhui: aia nō ia ma nā ʻatikala ʻepekema, nā puke aʻo, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, a me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO kahi laʻana o ka manaʻo kūʻē e mau nei i loko o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema o kēia wā, ʻo ia ka nui o nā moʻolelo o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka e manaʻo nei i kahi holomua linear mai ka poʻe ʻili ʻeleʻele, ʻoi aku ka "primitive" i ka poʻe ʻili māmā, ʻoi aku ka "holomua". Hōʻike nā hale hōʻikeʻike mōʻaukala kūlohelohe, nā pūnaewele, a me nā wahi hoʻoilina UNESCO i kēia ʻano.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole kūlike kēia mau wehewehe ʻana me nā ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻepekema, ʻaʻole kēia e pale iā lākou mai ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka laha ʻana. I kēia lā, ma kahi o 11% o ka heluna kanaka he "keʻokeʻo," ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻEulopa. ʻAʻole hōʻike pololei nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā loli linear i ke kala o ka ʻili i ka mōʻaukala o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka a i ʻole ke ʻano maʻamau o ka poʻe i kēia lā. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe hōʻike ʻepekema no ka hoʻomālamalama mālie ʻana o ka ʻili. Ua ulu nui ke kala ʻili māmā i loko o kekahi mau hui i neʻe aku i nā wahi ma waho o ʻApelika, ma nā latitudes kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa paha, e like me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, a me ʻAsia.
Ke komo nei ka ʻōlelo hoʻohenehene i loko o nā kula nui. No ka laʻana, ma kahi pepa i ka makahiki 2021 e pili ana i kahi mōʻalihaku kanaka mua kaulana i loaʻa ma kahi kahua archaeological ma nā mauna ʻo Atapuerca o Sepania, ua nānā nā kānaka noiʻi i nā niho o nā koena a ua ʻike ʻia he keiki 9 a 11 makahiki lākou. Nā niho o ke kaikamahine. Ua manaʻo mua ʻia ka mōʻalihaku no ke keikikāne ma muli o kahi puke kūʻai maikaʻi loa i ka makahiki 2002 na ka paleoanthropologist ʻo José María Bermúdez de Castro, kekahi o nā mea kākau o ka pepa. ʻO ka mea e hōʻike nui ai, ʻo ia ka ʻae ʻana o nā mea kākau o ke aʻo ʻana ʻaʻohe kumu ʻepekema no ka ʻike ʻana i ka mōʻalihaku he kāne. Ua "hana ʻia ka hoʻoholo ma muli o ka manawaleʻa," i kākau ai lākou.
Akā, ʻaʻole kēia koho he "mea kūpono ʻole." ʻO nā moʻolelo o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka e hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā kāne wale nō. I nā hihia kakaikahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā wāhine, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia lākou he mau makuahine hana ʻole ma mua o nā mea hana hana, nā mea pena kiʻi ana, a i ʻole nā mea hōʻiliʻili meaʻai, ʻoiai nā hōʻike anthropological e like me ia nā wāhine prehistoric.
ʻO kekahi laʻana o nā moʻolelo sexist i ka ʻepekema, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ʻana o nā mea noiʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka "puzzling" o ka orgasm wahine. Ua kūkulu ʻo Darwin i kahi moʻolelo o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā wahine i ka "hilahila" a me ka moekolohe, ʻoiai ua ʻae ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o nā ʻano mammalian, koho ikaika nā wahine i kā lākou mau hoa. Ma ke ʻano he Victorian, ua paʻakikī iā ia ke ʻae e hiki i nā wahine ke pāʻani i kahi kuleana ikaika i ke koho ʻana i ka hoa, no laila ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ua mālama ʻia kēia kuleana no nā wahine i ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka. Wahi a Darwin, ua hoʻomaka nā kāne ma hope e koho i nā wahine i ka moekolohe.
Ua hōʻole ʻia e nā hōʻike nui ka manaʻo o ka poʻe sexist he ʻoi aku ka "hilahila" o nā wāhine a "ʻaʻole i moekolohe," me ka manaʻo he mea pohihihi ka orgasm o ka wahine. No ka laʻana, loaʻa pinepine i nā wāhine nā orgasms he nui ma mua o nā kāne, a ʻo ko lākou orgasms, ma ka awelika, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika. ʻAʻole i hoʻonele ʻia nā wāhine i ka makemake moekolohe ma ke ʻano biologically, akā ua ʻae ʻia nā stereotypes sexist ma ke ʻano he ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻepekema.
ʻO nā mea hoʻonaʻauao, me nā puke aʻo a me nā atlases anatomia i hoʻohana ʻia e nā haumāna ʻepekema a me nā haumāna lapaʻau, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻomau ʻana i nā manaʻo i manaʻo mua ʻia. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻopuka 2017 o Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e nā haumāna lapaʻau a me nā haumāna lapaʻau, aia ma kahi o 180 mau kiʻi o ke kala ʻili. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea, ʻo ka hapa nui he mau kāne ʻili māmā, me ʻelua wale nō e hōʻike ana i nā poʻe me ka ʻili "ʻeleʻele". Hoʻomau kēia i ka manaʻo o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kāne keʻokeʻo ma ke ʻano he mau prototypes anatomical o ke ʻano kanaka, me ka hiki ʻole ke hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa anatomical piha o nā kānaka.
Hoʻopili pū nā mea kākau o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao keiki i kēia manaʻo kūʻē i nā puke ʻepekema, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, a me nā puke aʻo. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka uhi o kahi puke kala 2016 i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Evolution of Creatures" e hōʻike ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano linear: mai nā mea ola "primitive" me ka ʻili ʻeleʻele a hiki i nā poʻe Komohana "civilized". Ua piha ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wā e lilo ai nā keiki e hoʻohana ana i kēia mau puke i mau kānaka ʻepekema, nā mea kākau moʻolelo, nā mea mālama hale hōʻikeʻike, nā poʻe kālai'āina, nā mea kākau, a i ʻole nā mea pena kiʻi.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokae ʻili a me ka sexism systemic, ʻo ia ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe i ʻike pinepine ʻole he manaʻo hoʻokae ko kā lākou mau moʻolelo a me nā hoʻoholo. Hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hakakā i nā manaʻo hoʻokae lōʻihi, sexist, a me nā manaʻo komohana ma o ka makaʻala a me ka proactive i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau mana i kā lākou hana. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i nā moʻolelo pololei ʻole e hoʻomau i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻepekema, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka pāpāho ʻaʻole wale ia e hoʻomau i kēia mau moʻolelo no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana, akā e hoʻomau pū i ka hoʻokae, ka hoʻoluhi hewa, a me nā hana ʻino a lākou i hoʻāpono ai i ka wā ma mua.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-11-2024