ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical paʻi ʻekolu-dimensional (3DPAMs) he mea hana kūpono ma muli o ko lākou waiwai hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hiki.ʻO ke kumu o kēia loiloi ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka 3DPAM no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka a me ka loiloi i kāna haʻawina aʻoaʻo.
Ua mālama ʻia kahi huli uila ma PubMed me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo: hoʻonaʻauao, kula, aʻo, aʻo, aʻo, aʻo, hoʻonaʻauao, ʻekolu-dimensional, 3D, 3-dimensional, paʻi, paʻi, paʻi, anatomy, anatomi, anatomi, a me anatomi ..Loaʻa nā ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona haʻawina, ka hoʻolālā hoʻohālike, ka loiloi morphological, ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali.
Ma waena o nā ʻatikala 68 i koho ʻia, ʻo ka helu nui loa o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka ʻāpana cranial (33 ʻatikala);51 ʻatikala e pili ana i ka paʻi iwi.Ma 47 mau ʻatikala, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo 3DPAM ma muli o ka helu helu helu.ʻElima kaʻina paʻi i helu ʻia.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā plastics a me nā mea i loaʻa i loko o 48 mau haʻawina.He kumukūʻai kēlā me kēia hoʻolālā mai $1.25 a i $2,800.Hoʻohālikelike nā haʻawina he kanakolukumamāhiku me 3DPAM me nā hiʻohiʻona kuhikuhi.He kanakolukumamākolu mau ʻatikala i nānā i nā hana hoʻonaʻauao.ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi nui, ʻo ia ka hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano maʻalahi, ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana, ka hana maʻamau a me ka agility, ka mālama manawa, ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka anatomy hana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo, ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike a me ka hauʻoli kumu/haumāna.ʻO nā hemahema nui e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā: kūlike, nele i ka kikoʻī a i ʻole ke aniani, nā kala ʻulaʻula, nā manawa paʻi lōʻihi a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
Hōʻike ʻia kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana ʻo 3DPAM he kumu kūʻai a kūpono hoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomi.Pono nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana paʻi 3D ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi a me nā manawa hoʻolālā lōʻihi, kahi e hoʻonui nui ai i ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa.ʻO ke kī ke koho i ke ʻano kiʻi kūpono.Mai kahi manaʻo aʻoaʻo, 3DPAM he mea hana kūpono no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomi, me ka hopena maikaʻi i nā hopena aʻo a me ka hauʻoli.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana o 3DPAM ke hana hou ia i nā ʻāpana anatomical paʻakikī a hoʻohana nā haumāna i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kā lākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa olakino.
Ua hana ʻia ka wehe ʻana i nā kupapaʻu holoholona mai ka wā kahiko o Helene a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomi.Hoʻohana ʻia nā dissections Cadaveric i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka haʻawina theoretical o nā haumāna lapaʻau o ke kulanui a ke manaʻo ʻia nei ke kūlana gula no ke aʻo ʻana i ka anatomi [1,2,3,4,5].Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā mea pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā specimen cadaveric kanaka, e koi ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hana aʻo hou [6, 7].ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea hana hou e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻonui, nā mea hana kikohoʻe, a me ka paʻi 3D.Wahi a kahi loiloi puke hou e Santos et al.[8] Ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai o kēia mau ʻenehana hou no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy, ʻike ʻia ka paʻi 3D i kekahi o nā kumu waiwai nui loa, ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai hoʻonaʻauao no nā haumāna a ma ke ʻano o ka hiki ke hoʻokō [4,9,10] .
ʻAʻole hou ka paʻi 3D.ʻO nā patent mua e pili ana i kēia ʻenehana mai ka makahiki 1984: A Le Méhauté, O De Witte a me JC André ma Farani, a ʻekolu pule ma hope o C Hull ma USA.Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻomau ka ʻenehana a ua hoʻonui ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi he nui.No ka laʻana, ua paʻi ʻo NASA i ka mea mua ma waho o ka Honua ma 2014 [11].Ua lawe pū ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kēia mea hana hou, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka makemake e hoʻomohala i ka lāʻau lapaʻau pilikino [12].
Ua hōʻike nā mea kākau he nui i nā pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical 3D paʻi (3DPAM) i ka hoʻonaʻauao olakino [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].I ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka, pono nā ʻano maʻamau non-pathological a anatomical.Ua nānā kekahi mau loiloi i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻomaʻamaʻa pathological a i ʻole nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa / ʻokiʻoki [8, 20, 21].No ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka e hoʻopili ana i nā mea hana hou e like me ka paʻi 3D, ua alakaʻi mākou i kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana e wehewehe a nānā i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea paʻi 3D no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka a pehea e loiloi ai nā haumāna i ka pono o ke aʻo ʻana me kēia mau mea 3D.
Ua mālama ʻia kēia loiloi palapala ʻōnaehana ma Iune 2022 me ka ʻole o ka palena manawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alakaʻi PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) [22].
ʻO nā koina hoʻokomo ʻia nā pepa noiʻi āpau e hoʻohana ana i ka 3DPAM ma ke aʻo ʻana/aʻo anatomy.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā loiloi moʻokalaleo, nā leka, a i ʻole nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona pathological, nā ʻano holoholona, nā ʻano archaeological, a me nā kumu hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau/ʻauʻau.ʻO nā ʻatikala wale nō i paʻi ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania i koho ʻia.Ua kāpae ʻia nā ʻatikala me ka ʻole o nā abstract online.Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻatikala i loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona he nui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi o ia mau mea maʻamau maʻamau a i ʻole he pathology liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole pili i ka waiwai aʻo.
Ua mālama ʻia kahi hulina palapala ma ka waihona uila PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) e ʻike i nā haʻawina kūpono i paʻi ʻia a hiki i Iune 2022. E hoʻohana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo huli: hoʻonaʻauao, kula, aʻo, aʻo, aʻo, aʻo, hoʻonaʻauao, ʻekolu- dimensional, 3D, 3D, paʻi, paʻi, paʻi, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy a me anatomy.Hoʻokahi nīnau i hoʻokō ʻia: (((hoʻonaʻauao [Title/Abstract] OR kula [Title/Abstract] ORlearning[Title/Abstract] OR ke aʻo [Title/Abstract] OR ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa[Title/Abstract] OReach[Title/Abstract] ] OR Hoʻonaʻauao [Title/Abstract]) A ʻEkolu Manaʻo [Title] A i ʻole 3D [Title] A i ʻole 3D [Title]) A (Paʻi [Title] A I ʻole Paʻi [Title] A I ʻole Paʻi [Title])) A me (Anatomy) [Title. ] ]/abstract] a i ʻole anatomy [title/abstract] a i ʻole anatomi [title/abstract] a i ʻole anatomi [title/abstract]).Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻatikala hou aʻe ma ka ʻimi lima ʻana i ka waihona PubMed a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kuhikuhi o nā ʻatikala ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka lā, akā ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kānana "Person".
Ua nānā ʻia nā poʻo inoa a me nā abstract a pau i ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e nā mea kākau ʻelua (EBR a me AL), a ua kāpae ʻia kekahi noiʻi ʻaʻole i hoʻokō i nā koina kūpono.Ua kiʻi ʻia a loiloi ʻia nā puke kikokikona piha o nā haʻawina i koe e nā mea kākau ʻekolu (EBR, EBE a me AL).I ka wā e pono ai, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā kuʻikahi i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻatikala e kahi kanaka ʻehā (LT).Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea paʻi i kū i nā pae hoʻohui a pau i kēia loiloi.
Ua hana kūʻokoʻa ka unuhi ʻikepili e nā mea kākau ʻelua (EBR a me AL) ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana o kahi mea kākau ʻekolu (LT).
- Nā ʻikepili hoʻolālā hoʻohālike: nā ʻāpana anatomical, nā ʻāpana anatomical kikoʻī, ke kumu hoʻohālike mua no ka paʻi 3D, ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana, ka māhele a me ka polokalamu hoʻohālike, ʻano paʻi 3D, ʻano mea a me ka nui, paʻi paʻi, kala, kumukūʻai paʻi.
- ʻO ka loiloi Morphological o nā kumu hoʻohālike: nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ka loiloi olakino o nā loea/kumu, ka helu o nā mea loiloi, ke ʻano o ka loiloi.
- Ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike 3D: ka loiloi o ka ʻike haumāna, ke ʻano loiloi, ka helu o nā haumāna, ka helu o nā pūʻulu hoʻohālikelike, ka helu ʻana o nā haumāna, ka hoʻonaʻauao/ʻano haumāna.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina 418 ma MEDLINE, a ua kāpae ʻia nā ʻatikala 139 e ka kānana "kanaka".Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā poʻo inoa a me nā abstract, ua koho ʻia nā haʻawina 103 no ka heluhelu kikokikona piha.Ua kāpae ʻia nā ʻatikala 34 no ka mea he mau kumu hoʻohālike maʻi (9 ʻatikala), nā kumu hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau/ʻokiʻoki (4 ʻatikala), nā hiʻohiʻona holoholona (4 ʻatikala), nā hiʻohiʻona radiological 3D (1 ʻatikala) a i ʻole he ʻatikala ʻepekema kumu (16 mau mokuna).).He 68 mau ʻatikala i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka loiloi.Hōʻike ka Figure 1 i ke kaʻina koho ma ke ʻano he kahe kahe.
Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i ka ʻike, ka nānā ʻana, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ʻatikala ma kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana
Ua paʻi ʻia nā haʻawina āpau ma waena o 2014 a me 2022, me ka makahiki hoʻolaha awelika o 2019. Ma waena o nā ʻatikala he 68, 33 (49%) nā haʻawina i wehewehe a hoʻokolohua, 17 (25%) i hoʻokolohua maoli, a me 18 (26%). hoʻokolohua.Ka wehewehe maʻemaʻe.No nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua 50 (73%), 21 (31%) i hoʻohana i ka randomization.ʻO nā haʻawina 34 wale nō (50%) i hoʻokomo i nā loiloi helu.Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 1 i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia haʻawina.
33 mau 'atikala (48%) i nānā i ke po'o, 19 'atikala (28%) i nānā i ka thoracic, 17 'atikala (25%) i nānā i ka abdominopelvic, a he 15 'atikala (22%) i nānā i ka hope.He kanalimakūmākahi mau ʻatikala (75%) i ʻōlelo i nā iwi paʻi 3D ma ke ʻano he mau hiʻohiʻona anatomical a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical multi-slice.
E pili ana i nā kumu kumu a i ʻole nā faila i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka 3DPAM, ua haʻi ʻia nā ʻatikala 23 (34%) i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili maʻi, 20 ʻatikala (29%) i haʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili cadaveric, a me 17 ʻatikala (25%) i haʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waihona.ua hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina 7 (10%) i ke kumu o nā palapala i hoʻohana ʻia.
47 mau haʻawina (69%) i hoʻomohala i ka 3DPAM ma muli o ka computed tomography, a he 3 mau haʻawina (4%) i hōʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microCT.7 ʻatikala (10%) i hoʻolālā ʻia i nā mea 3D me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā scanner optical, 4 mau ʻatikala (6%) me ka MRI, a me 1 ʻatikala (1%) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamera a me nā microscopes.ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia nā ʻatikala 14 (21%) i ke kumu o nā faila kumu hoʻolālā 3D.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā faila 3D me ka hoʻonā spatial awelika ma lalo o 0.5 mm.ʻO ka hoʻonā maikaʻi loa ʻo 30 μm [80] a ʻo ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe he 1.5 mm [32].
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā polokalamu polokalamu ʻokoʻa he kanaono (segmentation, modelling, design or printing).Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) (14 mau haʻawina, 21%), a ukali ʻia e MeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (13 mau haʻawina, 19%), Geomagic (3D System, MO, NC, Leesville) .(10 mau haʻawina, 15%), 3D Slicer (Slicer Developer Training, Boston, MA) (9 mau haʻawina, 13%), Blender (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (8 mau haʻawina, 12%) a me CURA (Geldemarsen, Netherlands) (7 mau haʻawina, 10%).
He kanaonokumamāhiku mau ʻano paʻi like ʻole a me ʻelima kaʻina paʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) i nā huahana 26 (38%), nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i nā huahana 13 (19%) a me ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa hope loa (11 huahana, 16%).ʻO nā ʻenehana liʻiliʻi loa i hoʻohana ʻia he stereolithography (SLA) (5 ʻatikala, 7%) a me ka sintering laser koho (SLS) (4 ʻatikala, 6%).ʻO ka mea paʻi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia (7 ʻatikala, 10%) ʻo ia ka Connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
I ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka 3DPAM (51 ʻatikala, 75%), 48 mau haʻawina (71%) i hoʻohana i nā plastics a me kā lākou derivatives.ʻO nā mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 13%) a me ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (7 ʻano, 10%).23 mau 'atikala (34%) i nānā i 3DPAM i hana 'ia mai nā mea he nui, 36 'atikala (53%) i hō'ike 'ia he 3DPAM i hana 'ia mai ho'okahi wale nō mea, a he 9 'atikala (13%) 'a'ole i kuhikuhi i kekahi mea.
He iwakāluakūmāiwa ʻatikala (43%) i hōʻike i nā lakio paʻi mai ka 0.25:1 a i ka 2:1, me ka awelika o 1:1.He iwakāluakūmālima ʻatikala (37%) i hoʻohana i ka ratio 1:1.ʻO 28 3DPAMs (41%) he mau kala he nui, a he 9 (13%) i pena ʻia ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
He kanakolukūmāhā mau ʻatikala (50%) i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā koina.9 ʻatikala (13%) i ʻōlelo i ke kumukūʻai o nā mea paʻi 3D a me nā mea maka.Kūʻai nā mea paʻi mai $302 a i $65,000.Ke kuhikuhi ʻia, ʻo nā kumu kūʻai hoʻohālike mai $1.25 a i $2,800;ʻO kēia mau mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā specimens skeletal [47] a me nā hiʻohiʻona retroperitoneal kiʻekiʻe-fidelity [48].Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 2 i ka ʻikepili kumu hoʻohālike no kēlā me kēia haʻawina i hoʻopili ʻia.
Hoʻohālikelike nā haʻawina he kanakolukumamāhiku (54%) i ka 3DAPM i kahi kumu hoʻohālike.Ma waena o kēia mau haʻawina, ʻo ka mea hoʻohālikelike maʻamau he kumu hoʻohālikelike anatomical, i hoʻohana ʻia ma 14 mau ʻatikala (38%), nā hoʻomākaukau plastinated i 6 mau ʻatikala (16%), nā hoʻomākaukau plastinated i 6 mau ʻatikala (16%).Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli, ke kiʻi ʻana i ka tomography i hoʻokahi 3DPAM i 5 mau ʻatikala (14%), 3DPAM ʻē aʻe i 3 ʻatikala (8%), nā pāʻani koʻikoʻi i 1 ʻatikala (3%), radiographs i 1 ʻatikala (3%), nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana ma 1 'atikala (3%) a me ka mea i ho'onui 'ia ma 1 'atikala (3%).He kanakolukūmāhā (50%) nā haʻawina i loiloi i ka 3DPAM.He ʻumikūmālima (48%) mau haʻawina i wehewehe kikoʻī i nā ʻike o ka poʻe loiloi (Papa 3).Ua hana ʻia ʻo 3DPAM e nā kauka lapaʻau a i ʻole ke hele ʻana i nā kauka i nā haʻawina 7 (47%), nā loea anatomical i 6 mau haʻawina (40%), nā haumāna i 3 mau haʻawina (20%), nā kumu (ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ke aʻo) ma 3 mau haʻawina (20%) no ka loiloi. a hoʻokahi mea loiloi hou ma ka ʻatikala (7%).ʻO ka helu awelika o nā mea loiloi he 14 (ka liʻiliʻi 2, ka nui 30).He kanakolukumamākolu mau haʻawina (49%) i loiloi i ka 3DPAM morphology ma ke ʻano qualitative, a he 10 mau haʻawina (15%) i loiloi i ka 3DPAM morphology ma ka nui.Ma loko o nā haʻawina 33 i hoʻohana i nā loiloi qualitative, ua hoʻohana ʻo 16 i nā loiloi wehewehe maʻemaʻe (48%), 9 i hoʻohana i nā hoʻokolohua/helu/nānā (27%), a me 8 i hoʻohana i nā unahi Likert (24%).Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 3 i nā loiloi morphological o nā kumu hoʻohālike i kēlā me kēia haʻawina i hoʻopili ʻia.
He kanakolukumamākolu (48%) ʻatikala i nānā a hoʻohālikelike i ka pono o ke aʻo ʻana i ka 3DPAM i nā haumāna.No kēia mau haʻawina, 23 (70%) ʻatikala i loiloi i ka hauʻoli o nā haumāna, 17 (51%) i hoʻohana i nā unahi Likert, a me 6 (18%) i hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe.He iwakāluakūmālua ʻatikala (67%) i loiloi i ke aʻo ʻana o nā haumāna ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻike, a he 10 (30%) o ia mau mea i hoʻohana i nā hoʻokolohua a/a i ʻole posttests.He ʻumikūmākahi mau haʻawina (33%) i hoʻohana i nā nīnau a me nā hoʻāʻo koho nui e loiloi i ka ʻike o nā haumāna, a ʻelima mau haʻawina (15%) i hoʻohana i ka lepili kiʻi/ʻike anatomical.He 76 mau haumāna i komo i kēlā me kēia haʻawina (8 liʻiliʻi, 319 kiʻekiʻe).He iwakāluakūmāhā mau haʻawina (72%) i loaʻa i kahi pūʻulu mana, kahi o 20 (60%) i hoʻohana i ka randomization.I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻokahi haʻawina (3%) hāʻawi i nā kumu hoʻohālike anatomical i 10 mau haumāna like ʻole.Ma ka awelika, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hui 2.6 (ka liʻiliʻi 2, ka nui 10).He iwakāluakūmākolu mau haʻawina (70%) i komo i nā haumāna lapaʻau, a he 14 (42%) o nā haumāna lapaʻau makahiki mua.ʻEono (18%) mau haʻawina e pili ana i nā kamaʻāina, 4 (12%) haumāna niho, a me 3 (9%) haumāna ʻepekema.ʻEono mau haʻawina (18%) i hoʻokō a loiloi i ke aʻo ʻokoʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 3DPAM.Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 4 i nā hualoaʻa o ka loiloi pono aʻo 3DPAM no kēlā me kēia haʻawina i komo.
ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi nui i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM ma ke ʻano he mea aʻo no ke anatomy kanaka maʻamau, ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona, e komo pū ana me ka realism [55, 67], pololei [44, 50, 72, 85], a me nā ʻano like ʻole [34, 45]. ]., 48, 64], ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka māliko [28, 45], ka lōʻihi [24, 56, 73], ka hopena hoʻonaʻauao [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], kumu kūʻai [27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], reproducibility [80], hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi a pilikino paha [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā haumāna [30, 49], mālama i ka manawa aʻo [61, 80], maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana [61], ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka anatomi hana a i ʻole hana i nā hale kikoʻī [51, 53], 67] , ka hoʻolālā wikiwiki o nāʻano iwi iwi [81], ka hiki ke hana pū i nā hiʻohiʻona a lawe iā lākou i ka home [49, 60, 71], hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka noʻonoʻo [23] a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike [32], a me ke kumu. 25, 63] a me ka hauʻoli o nā haumāna [25, 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
ʻO nā hemahema nui e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā: rigidity [80], kūlike [28, 62], nele i ka kikoʻī a i ʻole ka ʻike [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], nā kala ʻulaʻula loa [45].a me ka palupalu o ka papahele[71].ʻO nā mea pōʻino ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka nalowale o ka ʻike [30, 76], ka manawa lōʻihi e pono ai no ka hoʻokaʻawale kiʻi [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], ka manawa paʻi [57, 63, 66, 67], nele i ka loli anatomical [25], a me ka uku .Kiʻekiʻe[48].
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana i nā ʻatikala 68 i paʻi ʻia ma luna o 9 mau makahiki a hōʻike i ka hoihoi o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema i 3DPAM ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka maʻamau.Ua aʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia māhele anatomical a paʻi 3D.ʻO kēia mau ʻatikala, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻatikala 37 me 3DPAM me nā kumu hoʻohālike ʻē aʻe, a ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻatikala 33 i ka pili o ka aʻo ʻana o 3DPAM no nā haumāna.
Ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā haʻawina paʻi 3D anatomical, ʻaʻole mākou i manaʻo he kūpono ke hana i kahi meta-analysis.ʻO kahi meta-analysis i paʻi ʻia ma 2020 i kālele nui ʻia i nā hōʻike ʻike anatomical ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano ʻenehana a me ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana ʻana o 3DPAM [10].
ʻO ka ʻāpana poʻo ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia, ma muli paha o ka paʻakikī o kona anatomia he mea paʻakikī loa i nā haumāna ke hōʻike i kēia ʻāpana anatomical i ʻekolu-dimensional ākea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lālā a i ʻole ka ʻūhā.ʻO CT ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano hana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hoʻonohonoho olakino, akā ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻonā spatial a me ka ʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻAʻole kūpono kēia mau palena i ka CT scans no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ka ʻōnaehana nerve.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka tomography computed no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka iwi iwi;Kōkua ka ʻokoʻa o ka iwi a me ka ʻiʻo palupalu e hoʻopau i kēia mau ʻanuʻu ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike anatomical.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia ka microCT i ka ʻenehana kuhikuhi e pili ana i ka hoʻonā spatial i ke kiʻi iwi [70].Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea nānā kiʻi a i ʻole MRI no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi.ʻO ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe e pale i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā ʻili iwi a mālama i ka maʻalahi o nā hale anatomical [59].ʻO ke koho ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike e pili pū ana i ka hoʻonā spatial: no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā hoʻohālike plasticization [45].Pono nā mea hoʻolālā kiʻi e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D maʻamau, e hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai ($ 25 a i $ 150 i kēlā me kēia hola) [43].ʻAʻole lawa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā faila .STL kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical kiʻekiʻe.Pono e hoʻoholo i nā palena paʻi, e like me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke ʻano anatomical ma ka pā paʻi [29].Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana paʻi kiʻekiʻe e like me SLS i nā wahi āpau e hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei o 3DPAM [38].Pono ka hana ʻana o 3DPAM i ke kōkua ʻoihana;ʻO ka poʻe loea i ʻimi nui ʻia he ʻenekinia [72], radiologists, [75], mea hoʻolālā kiʻi [43] a me anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka lako polokalamu hoʻohālike he mau mea nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical pololei, akā ke keʻakeʻa nei ke kumukūʻai o kēia mau pūʻolo polokalamu a me ko lākou paʻakikī i kā lākou hoʻohana.Ua hoʻohālikelike kekahi mau haʻawina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻulu polokalamu like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana paʻi, e hōʻike ana i nā pono a me nā pōʻino o kēlā me kēia ʻenehana [68].Ma waho aʻe o ka lako polokalamu hoʻohālike, pono pū ka paʻi ʻana i nā polokalamu kūpono me ka mea paʻi i koho ʻia;makemake kekahi mau mea kākau e hoʻohana i ka paʻi 3D pūnaewele [75].Inā lawa nā mea 3D i paʻi ʻia, hiki i ke kālā ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻihoʻi kālā [72].
ʻO ka plastik ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.ʻO kāna ʻano laulā o nā mea leʻaleʻa a me nā kala e lilo ia i mea koho no 3DPAM.Ua hoʻomaikaʻi kekahi mau mea kākau i kona ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano cadaveric a i ʻole nā plastinated [24, 56, 73].Hiki i kekahi mau plastics ke kūlou a kikoo paha.No ka laʻana, hiki i ka Filaflex me ka ʻenehana FDM ke kau i ka 700%.Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau i ka mea i koho ʻia no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka ʻiʻo, ka tendon a me ka ligament [63].Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hāpai nā haʻawina ʻelua i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka orientation fiber i ka wā paʻi.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka fiber muscle, ka hoʻokomo ʻana, ka innervation, a me ka hana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻiʻo [33].
ʻO ka mea kupanaha, he liʻiliʻi nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka paʻi ʻana.No ka mea he nui ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo i ka ratio 1: 1 he maʻamau, ua koho paha ka mea kākau e haʻi ʻole.ʻOiai he mea pono ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana ma nā hui nui, ʻaʻole i ʻimi ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka papa a ʻo ka nui kino o ke kumu hoʻohālike he mea nui.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā unahi piha i ka ʻimi a kamaʻilio ʻana i nā mea anatomical like ʻole i ka mea maʻi, e wehewehe paha i ke kumu e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea paʻi i loaʻa ma ka mākeke, ʻo ia ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana PolyJet (material or binder inkjet) e hāʻawi i ke kala a me ka multi-layer (a no laila multi-texture) ke kumukūʻai paʻi wehewehe kiʻekiʻe ma waena o US$20,000 a me US$250,000 (https: //www. .aniwaa.com/).Hiki i kēia kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ke kaupalena i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o 3DPAM ma nā kula olakino.Ma waho aʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka mea paʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea e pono ai no ka paʻi inkjet ma mua o nā mea paʻi SLA a i ʻole FDM [68].ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā kumukūʻai no nā mea paʻi SLA a i ʻole FDM, mai ka €576 a i ka €4,999 ma nā ʻatikala i helu ʻia ma kēia loiloi.Wahi a Tripodi a me nā hoa hana, hiki ke paʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana iwi no US $1.25 [47].Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā haʻawina he ʻumikūmākahi he ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka paʻi 3D ma mua o ka plasticization a i ʻole nā hoʻohālike kalepa [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83].Eia kekahi, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona pāʻoihana e hāʻawi i ka ʻike maʻi me ka ʻole o ka kikoʻī kikoʻī no ke aʻo ʻana anatomy [80].ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kālepa i manaʻo ʻia he haʻahaʻa i ka 3DPAM [44].Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ma waho aʻe o ka ʻenehana paʻi i hoʻohana ʻia, ua like ke kumukūʻai hope i ka pālākiō a no laila ka nui hope o ka 3DPAM [48].No kēia mau kumu, makemake ʻia ka pālākiō piha [37].
Hoʻokahi wale nō haʻawina i hoʻohālikelike i ka 3DPAM me nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical i loaʻa i ke kālepa [72].ʻO nā laʻana Cadaveric ka mea hoʻohālikelike maʻamau no 3DPAM.ʻOiai ko lākou mau palena, he mea waiwai nui nā kumu hoʻohālike cadaveric no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy.Pono e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka autopsy, dissection a me ka iwi maloʻo.Ma muli o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻelua mau haʻawina e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka 3DPAM ma mua o ka dissection plastinated [16, 27].Hoʻokahi haʻawina i hoʻohālikelike i hoʻokahi hola o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM (lower extremity) me hoʻokahi hola o ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāpana anatomical like [78].ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻano aʻo ʻelua.Maliʻa paha ka liʻiliʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia kumuhana no ka mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohālikelike ʻana.ʻO ka wehe ʻana he hoʻomākaukau manawa no nā haumāna.I kekahi manawa he mau hola o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ma muli o ka mea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia.Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻekolu me nā iwi maloʻo.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina a Tsai lāua ʻo Smith ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā helu hōʻike ma ka hui e hoʻohana ana i 3DPAM [51, 63].Ua ʻike ʻo Chen a me nā hoa hana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā haumāna e hoʻohana ana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā hale (ka poʻo), akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i nā helu MCQ [69].ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hōʻike ʻo Tanner a me nā hoa hana i nā hopena hoʻokolohua maikaʻi aʻe i kēia hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM o ka pterygopalatine fossa [46].Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea hana aʻo hou ma kēia loiloi puke.ʻO ka mea maʻamau i waena o lākou he hoʻonui ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli a me nā pāʻani koʻikoʻi [43].Wahi a Mahrous a me nā hoa hana, ʻo ka makemake o nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical e pili ana i ka nui o nā hola e pāʻani ai nā haumāna i nā pāʻani wikiō [31].Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo kahi drawback nui o nā mea hana aʻo anatomy hou he pane haptic, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā mea pono virtual [48].
Ua hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e loiloi ana i ka 3DPAM hou i nā hōʻike mua o ka ʻike.ʻO kēia mau ho'āʻo mua e kōkua i ka paleʻana i ka manaʻoʻole i ka loiloi.ʻO kekahi mau mea kākau, ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua, kāpae i nā haumāna āpau i ʻoi aku ma luna o ka awelika ma ka hoʻokolohua mua [40].Ma waena o nā manaʻo like ʻole a Garas a me nā hoa hana i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ke kala o ke kumu hoʻohālike a me ke koho ʻana o nā mea manawaleʻa i ka papa haumāna [61].Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ke kala ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hale anatomical.Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Chen a me nā hoa hana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi me ka ʻole o nā ʻokoʻa mua ma waena o nā hui a ua makapō ke aʻo ʻana i ka nui loa [69].Manaʻo ʻo Lim a me nā hoa hana e hoʻopau ʻia ka loiloi post-test e kahi ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e pale aku i ka manaʻo i ka loiloi [16].Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau haʻawina i nā unahi Likert e loiloi i ka hiki o 3DPAM.He kūpono kēia mea hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻoluʻolu, akā aia nō kekahi mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi e ʻike ʻia [86].
Ua loiloi nui ʻia ka pili hoʻonaʻauao o 3DPAM ma waena o nā haumāna lapaʻau, me nā haumāna kauka makahiki mua, ma 14 o 33 mau haʻawina.Ma kā lākou aʻo hoʻokele, ua hōʻike ʻo Wilk a me nā hoahana ua manaʻo nā haumāna lapaʻau e hoʻokomo ʻia ka paʻi 3D i kā lākou aʻo anatomy [87].Ua manaʻo ʻo 87% o nā haumāna i noiʻi ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Cercenelli ʻo ka makahiki ʻelua o ke aʻo ʻana ka manawa maikaʻi loa e hoʻohana ai i ka 3DPAM [84].Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena a Tanner a me nā hoa hana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā haumāna inā ʻaʻole lākou i aʻo i ke kula [46].Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili ʻo ka makahiki mua o ke kula olakino ka manawa kūpono loa e hoʻokomo i ka 3DPAM i ke aʻo anatomy.Ua kākoʻo ʻo ʻoe i kēia manaʻo [18].Ma nā ʻatikala 27 i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke aʻo ʻana, aia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā helu hoʻokolohua ma waena o 3DPAM a me nā hiʻohiʻona kuʻuna no nā haumāna lapaʻau, akā ʻaʻole no nā kamaʻāina.
ʻO 3DPAM ma ke ʻano he mea hana aʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokō haʻawina [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], paʻa ʻike lōʻihi [32], a me ka hauʻoli o nā haumāna [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63] , 66]., 69 , 84].Ua ʻike pū nā panela o ka poʻe loea i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona he pono [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], a ʻelua mau haʻawina i loaʻa i ka hauʻoli kumu me 3DPAM [25, 63].ʻO nā kumu a pau, ʻo Backhouse a me nā hoa hana e noʻonoʻo i ka paʻi 3D ʻo ia ke koho maikaʻi loa i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical kuʻuna [49].I kā lākou meta-analysis mua, ua hōʻoia ʻo Ye a me nā hoa hana i loaʻa i nā haumāna i loaʻa nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo 3DPAM i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā helu ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma mua o nā haumāna i loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi 2D a i ʻole cadaver [10].Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokaʻawale lākou i ka 3DPAM ʻaʻole ma ka paʻakikī, akā ma ka puʻuwai, ka ʻōnaehana nerve, a me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.Ma ʻehiku mau haʻawina, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 3DPAM i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻike i lawelawe ʻia i nā haumāna [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84].I kā lākou meta-analysis, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Salazar a me nā hoahana e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o 3DPAM i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka anatomy paʻakikī [17].Ua kūlike kēia manaʻo me ka palapala a Hitas i ka mea hoʻoponopono [88].ʻAʻole pono ka hoʻohana ʻana o 3DPAM i kekahi mau wahi anatomical i manaʻo ʻia he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā ʻo nā wahi anatomical paʻakikī (e like me ka ʻāʻī a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana nerve) he koho kūpono no 3DPAM.Hiki i kēia manaʻo ke wehewehe i ke kumu i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ai kekahi mau 3DPAM ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona kuʻuna, ʻoiai inā nele nā haumāna i ka ʻike ma ke kahua kahi i ʻike ʻia ai he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.No laila, ʻaʻole kōkua ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike maʻalahi i nā haumāna i ʻike mua i ke kumuhana (nā haumāna lapaʻau a i ʻole nā haumāna) i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana haumāna.
ʻO nā pono hoʻonaʻauao āpau i helu ʻia, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā haʻawina 11 i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hiʻohiʻona [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], a me nā haʻawina 3 i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi (33). , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86).ʻO nā mea maikaʻi ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka hiki i nā haumāna ke hoʻoponopono i nā hale, hiki i nā kumu ke mālama i ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o nā cadavers, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana i loko o 24 mau hola, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana homechool, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e aʻo nui. o ka ike.pūʻulu [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81].ʻO ka paʻi hou ʻia ʻana o 3D no ke aʻo ʻana i ka anatomy kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā kumu hoʻohālike paʻi 3D i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi [26].Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana o 3DPAM ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka noʻonoʻo [23] a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kiʻi cross-sectional [23, 32].Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻelua e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haumāna i hōʻike ʻia i ka 3DPAM i ke kaʻina hana [40, 74].Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻohui metala e hana i ka neʻe e pono ai e aʻo i ka anatomy hana [51, 53], a i ʻole hiki ke paʻi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻolālā trigger [67].
Hiki i ka paʻi 3D ke hana i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kekahi mau mea i ka wā o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, [48, 80] hana i kahi kumu kūpono, [59] hui pū ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui, [36] me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke aniani, (49) kala, [45] a i ʻole ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hale i loko [30].Ua hoʻohana ʻo Tripodi a me nā hoa hana i ke kālai ʻana i ka pālolo e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona iwi paʻi 3D, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka waiwai o nā kumu hoʻohālike i hana ʻia e like me nā mea aʻo [47].Ma 9 mau haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kala ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], akā hoʻokahi wale nō hoʻohana ʻana o nā haumāna [49].ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i loiloi ka haʻawina i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kumu hoʻohālike a i ʻole ke ʻano o ke aʻo ʻana.Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaʻauao anatomy, no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hui pū ʻana [89].No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka hana hoʻolaha, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke aʻo ponoʻī i nā manawa he nui e loiloi i nā kumu hoʻohālike [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Hoʻokahi o nā noiʻi i hoʻoholo ʻia he ʻālohilohi loa ke kala o ka mea plastik [45], ua hoʻoholo kekahi noiʻi he palupalu loa ke kumu hoʻohālike [71], a ʻelua mau noiʻi ʻē aʻe i hōʻike i ka nele o ka loli anatomical i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokahi [25, 45]. ]..ʻEhiku mau haʻawina i hoʻoholo ʻaʻole lawa ka kikoʻī anatomical o 3DPAM [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
No nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical kikoʻī o nā ʻāpana nui a paʻakikī, e like me ka retroperitoneum a i ʻole cervical spine, ua manaʻo ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka māhele a me ka manawa hoʻohālike a he kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai (e pili ana i US $2000) [27, 48].Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hojo a me nā hoa hana i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana he 40 mau hola e hana ai i ke ʻano anatomical o ke pelvis [42].ʻO ka manawa māhele lōʻihi loa he 380 mau hola ma kahi noiʻi e Weatherall a me nā hoa hana, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā hiʻohiʻona he nui e hana i kahi ʻano hoʻohālike holoʻokoʻa pediatric [36].I loko o ʻeiwa mau haʻawina, ʻo ka māhele a me ka manawa paʻi i manaʻo ʻia he mau hemahema [36, 42, 57, 58, 74].Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohewa nā haʻawina 12 i nā waiwai kino o kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻoi aku ko lākou kūlike, [28, 62] nele i ka ʻike, [30] palupalu a me ka monochromaticity, [71] nele i ka ʻiʻo palupalu, [66] a i ʻole ka hemahema o nā kikoʻī [28, 34]., 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].Hiki ke lanakila i kēia mau hemahema ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka māhele a i ʻole ka manawa simulation.ʻO ka nalowale ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana mai o ka ʻike pili he pilikia ia i kū i nā hui ʻekolu [30, 74, 77].Wahi a nā hōʻike maʻi, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi nā mea hoʻohālikelike iodinated i ka ʻike vascular maikaʻi loa ma muli o nā palena palena [74].ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike cadaveric he ala kūpono ia e neʻe aku ai mai ke kumu o ka "liʻiliʻi e like me ka hiki" a me nā palena o ka nui o ka mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i haʻi ka nui o nā ʻatikala i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona nui o 3DPAM.Ma lalo o ka hapalua o nā ʻatikala i hōʻike maopopo ʻia inā i uhi ʻia kā lākou 3DPAM.ʻAʻole kūlike ka uhi o ka laulā o ka paʻi (43% o nā ʻatikala), a ʻo 34% wale nō ka mea i ʻōlelo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā media lehulehu.He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻāpana paʻi no ka mea e pili ana i nā waiwai aʻo o 3DPAM.ʻAʻole hāʻawi ka hapa nui o nā ʻatikala i ka ʻike kūpono e pili ana i ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana o 3DPAM (manawa hoʻolālā, nā hōʻailona limahana, nā koina lako polokalamu, nā koina paʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike a pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e hoʻomaka i kahi papahana e hoʻomohala i kahi 3DPAM hou.
Hōʻike kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia a me ka paʻi 3D i nā kumu hoʻohālike anatomical maʻamau ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea paʻi FDM a i ʻole SLA a me nā lako plastik kala hoʻokahi.Eia naʻe, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau hoʻolālā kumu ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kala a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hoʻolālā i nā mea like ʻole.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maoli maoli (i paʻi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea like ʻole o nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻohālikelike pono i nā ʻano maʻalahi o kahi kumu hoʻohālike cadaver) makemake i nā ʻenehana paʻi 3D ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi a me nā manawa hoʻolālā lōʻihi.E hoʻonui nui kēia i ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa.ʻAʻohe mea i koho ʻia ke kaʻina hana paʻi, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi kūpono ke kī i ka holomua o 3DPAM.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonā spatial, ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kumu hoʻohālike a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka noiʻi holomua.Mai ka manaʻo hoʻonaʻauao, he mea hana maikaʻi ʻo 3DPAM no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua ʻike i lawelawe ʻia i nā haumāna a me kā lākou hauʻoli.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana o 3DPAM i ka wā e hana hou ai i nā ʻāpana anatomical paʻakikī a hoʻohana nā haumāna iā ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā lākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa olakino.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka lehulehu nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia a/a i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka noiʻi o kēia manawa ma muli o nā pale ʻōlelo akā loaʻa mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-09-2024