ʻIke ʻia he mea hana kūpono nā kumu hoʻohālike anatomical i paʻi ʻia ʻekolu-dimensional (3DPAMs) ma muli o ko lākou waiwai hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hiki ke hana. ʻO ke kumu o kēia loiloi, ʻo ia ke wehewehe a kālailai i nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka 3DPAM no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomi kanaka a e loiloi i kāna hāʻawi aʻo.
Ua hana ʻia kahi hulina uila ma PubMed me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo: hoʻonaʻauao, kula, aʻo ʻana, aʻo ʻana, aʻo ʻana, hoʻonaʻauao, ʻekolu-dimensional, 3D, 3-dimensional, paʻi ʻana, paʻi ʻana, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy, a me anatomy. . Ua komo pū nā ʻike i nā ʻano o ke aʻo ʻana, ka hoʻolālā kumu hoʻohālike, ka loiloi morphological, ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali.
Ma waena o nā ʻatikala 68 i koho ʻia, ʻo ka nui o nā haʻawina i kālele ʻia ma ka ʻāpana cranial (33 mau ʻatikala); 51 mau ʻatikala e ʻōlelo ana i ka paʻi iwi. Ma 47 mau ʻatikala, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo 3DPAM ma muli o ka computed tomography. Ua helu ʻia ʻelima mau kaʻina hana paʻi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā plastics a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa i 48 mau haʻawina. Loaʻa ke kumukūʻai o kēlā me kēia hoʻolālā mai $1.25 a i $2,800. Ua hoʻohālikelike nā haʻawina he kanakolukumamāhiku iā 3DPAM me nā kumu hoʻohālike. Ua nānā nā ʻatikala he kanakolukumamākolu i nā hana hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO nā pono nui ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike maka a me ka paʻi ʻana, ka pono o ke aʻo ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana, ka hiki ke hoʻopilikino a me ka agility, ka mālama manawa, ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke anatomy hana, nā hiki ke hoʻololi noʻonoʻo maikaʻi aʻe, ka paʻa ʻana o ka ʻike a me ka ʻoluʻolu o ke kumu/haumāna. ʻO nā hemahema nui e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā: kūlike, nele i nā kikoʻī a i ʻole ka transparency, nā kala i ʻālohilohi loa, nā manawa paʻi lōʻihi a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
Hōʻike kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana he kūpono ke kumukūʻai o 3DPAM a he pono hoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia. Pono nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ka maoli i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana paʻi 3D ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai a me nā manawa hoʻolālā lōʻihi, kahi e hoʻonui nui ai i ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kī ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi kūpono. Mai kahi manaʻo aʻo, he mea hana pono ʻo 3DPAM no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia, me ka hopena maikaʻi i nā hopena aʻo a me ka ʻoluʻolu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena aʻo o 3DPAM ke hana hou ia i nā wahi anatomia paʻakikī a hoʻohana nā haumāna iā ia i ka wā mua o kā lākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau.
Ua hana ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kupapaʻu holoholona mai Helene kahiko mai a ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano hana nui o ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻoki ʻana o nā kupapaʻu i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā haumāna lapaʻau o ke kulanui a ua manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ia ke kūlana gula no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia [1,2,3,4,5]. Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kupapaʻu kanaka, e koi ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou [6, 7]. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea hana hou e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻonui ʻia, nā mea hana kikohoʻe, a me ka paʻi 3D. Wahi a kahi loiloi palapala hou na Santos et al. [8] Ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai o kēia mau ʻenehana hou no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia, ʻo ka paʻi 3D kekahi o nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi loa, ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai hoʻonaʻauao no nā haumāna a ma ke ʻano o ka hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia [4,9,10].
ʻAʻole he mea hou ka paʻi 3D. ʻO nā palapala Sila Nui mua e pili ana i kēia ʻenehana mai ka makahiki 1984: ʻo A Le Méhauté, ʻO De Witte lāua ʻo JC André ma Palani, a ʻekolu pule ma hope mai ʻo C Hull ma USA. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻomau ka ʻenehana i ka ulu ʻana a ua hoʻonui ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi he nui. No ka laʻana, ua paʻi ʻo NASA i ka mea mua ma ʻō aku o ka Honua i ka makahiki 2014 [11]. Ua hoʻohana pū ke kahua lapaʻau i kēia mea hana hou, no laila e hoʻonui ana i ka makemake e hoʻomohala i ka lāʻau lapaʻau pilikino [12].
Ua hōʻike nā mea kākau he nui i nā pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical i paʻi ʻia he 3D (3DPAM) i ka hoʻonaʻauao lapaʻau [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. I ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka, pono nā hiʻohiʻona non-pathological a me nā anatomically normal. Ua nānā kekahi mau loiloi i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻomaʻamaʻa pathological a i ʻole lapaʻau/ʻoki kino [8, 20, 21]. No ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike hybrid no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka e hoʻokomo i nā mea hana hou e like me ka paʻi 3D, ua hana mākou i kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana e wehewehe a kālailai pehea e hana ʻia ai nā mea i paʻi ʻia he 3D no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka a pehea e loiloi ai nā haumāna i ka pono o ke aʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea 3D.
Ua mālama ʻia kēia loiloi palapala ʻōnaehana i Iune 2022 me ka ʻole o nā palena manawa e hoʻohana ana i nā alakaʻi PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) [22].
ʻO nā pae hoʻokomo he mau pepa noiʻi āpau e hoʻohana ana i ka 3DPAM i ke aʻo ʻana/aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy. Ua kāpae ʻia nā loiloi palapala, nā leka, a i ʻole nā ʻatikala e kālele ana i nā kumu hoʻohālike pathological, nā kumu hoʻohālike holoholona, nā kumu hoʻohālike archaeological, a me nā kumu hoʻohālike hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau/ʻoki kino. Ua koho ʻia nā ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. Ua kāpae ʻia nā ʻatikala me ka ʻole o nā abstracts pūnaewele i loaʻa. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻatikala i hoʻokomo i nā kumu hoʻohālike he nui, ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi o ia mau mea he maʻamau anatomical a i ʻole he pathology liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka waiwai aʻo.
Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻimi palapala ma ka waihona ʻikepili uila ʻo PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) e ʻike i nā haʻawina pili i paʻi ʻia a hiki i Iune 2022. E hoʻohana i nā huaʻōlelo hulina ma lalo nei: hoʻonaʻauao, kula, aʻo ʻana, aʻo ʻana, aʻo ʻana, hoʻonaʻauao, ʻekolu-dimensional, 3D, 3D, paʻi ʻana, paʻi ʻana, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy a me anatomy. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi nīnau hoʻokahi: (((education[Title/Abstract] OR school[Title/Abstract] ORlearning[Title/Abstract] OR teaching[Title/Abstract] OR training[Title/Abstract] OReach[Title/Abstract] ] OR Education [Title/Abstract]) AND (Three Dimensions [Title] OR 3D [Title] OR 3D [Title])) AND (Print [Title] OR Print [Title] OR Print [Title])) AND (Anatomy) [Title] ]/abstract] a i ʻole anatomy [title/abstract] a i ʻole anatomy [title/abstract] a i ʻole anatomy [title/abstract] a i ʻole anatomy [title/abstract]). Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻatikala hou aʻe ma ka huli lima ʻana i ka waihona ʻikepili PubMed a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kuhikuhi o nā ʻatikala ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe palena o ka lā i hoʻopili ʻia, akā ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kānana "Person".
Ua nānā ʻia nā poʻo inoa a me nā ʻatikala āpau i loaʻa e kūʻē i nā kūlana hoʻokomo a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e nā mea kākau ʻelua (EBR lāua ʻo AL), a ua kāpae ʻia kekahi noiʻi i kū ʻole i nā kūlana kūpono āpau. Ua kiʻi ʻia a loiloi ʻia nā puke paʻi kikokikona piha o nā haʻawina i koe e ʻekolu mau mea kākau (EBR, EBE lāua ʻo AL). I ka wā e pono ai, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā manaʻo kūʻē i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻatikala e kahi kanaka ʻehā (LT). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā puke paʻi i kū i nā kūlana hoʻokomo āpau i loko o kēia loiloi.
Ua hana kūʻokoʻa ʻia ka unuhi ʻikepili e nā mea kākau ʻelua (EBR lāua ʻo AL) ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana a ke kolu o ka mea kākau (LT).
- ʻIkepili hoʻolālā kumu hoʻohālike: nā ʻāpana anatomical, nā ʻāpana anatomical kikoʻī, ke kumu hoʻohālike mua no ka paʻi 3D, ke ʻano loaʻa, ka polokalamu hoʻokaʻawale a me ke kumu hoʻohālike, ʻano mīkini paʻi 3D, ʻano mea a me ka nui, ka unahi paʻi, ke kala, ke kumukūʻai paʻi.
- Loiloi morphological o nā kumu hoʻohālike: nā kumu hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, loiloi lapaʻau o nā loea/kumu, ka helu o nā loiloi, ke ʻano o ka loiloi.
- Ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike 3D: ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻike o ka haumāna, ke ʻano loiloi, ka helu o nā haumāna, ka helu o nā hui hoʻohālikelike, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā haumāna, ka hoʻonaʻauao/ʻano haumāna.
Ua ʻike ʻia he 418 mau haʻawina ma MEDLINE, a ua kāpae ʻia he 139 mau ʻatikala e ka kānana "kanaka". Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā poʻo inoa a me nā ʻōlelo pōkole, ua koho ʻia he 103 mau haʻawina no ka heluhelu ʻana i ka kikokikona piha. Ua kāpae ʻia he 34 mau ʻatikala no ka mea he mau kumu hoʻohālike pathological (9 mau ʻatikala), nā kumu hoʻohālike hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau/ʻoki kino (4 mau ʻatikala), nā kumu hoʻohālike holoholona (4 mau ʻatikala), nā kumu hoʻohālike radiological 3D (1 ʻatikala) a ʻaʻole paha he mau ʻatikala ʻepekema kumu (16 mau mokuna). ). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia he 68 mau ʻatikala i ka loiloi. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ke kaʻina koho ma ke ʻano he pakuhi kahe.
ʻO ka pakuhi kahe e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka ʻike ʻana, ka nānā ʻana, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ʻatikala i loko o kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana
Ua paʻi ʻia nā haʻawina a pau ma waena o 2014 a me 2022, me ka awelika o ka makahiki paʻi ʻana o 2019. Ma waena o nā ʻatikala 68 i hoʻokomo ʻia, he 33 (49%) nā haʻawina he wehewehe a he hoʻokolohua, he 17 (25%) he hoʻokolohua wale nō, a he 18 (26%) he hoʻokolohua. He wehewehe wale nō. Ma waena o nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua he 50 (73%), he 21 (31%) i hoʻohana i ka randomization. He 34 wale nō nā haʻawina (50%) i hoʻokomo i nā loiloi helu. Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 1 i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia haʻawina.
Ua nānā ʻia e 33 mau ʻatikala (48%) ka ʻāpana poʻo, 19 mau ʻatikala (28%) ka ʻāpana thoracic, 17 mau ʻatikala (25%) ka ʻāpana abdominopelvic, a he 15 mau ʻatikala (22%) ka ʻāpana lima. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā iwi i paʻi ʻia he 3D ma ke ʻano he mau kumu hoʻohālike anatomical a i ʻole nā kumu hoʻohālike anatomical multi-slice.
E pili ana i nā kumu hoʻohālike kumu a i ʻole nā faila i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomohala i ka 3DPAM, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 23 mau ʻatikala (34%) e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili o ka mea maʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 20 mau ʻatikala (29%) e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili cadaveric, a ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 17 mau ʻatikala (25%) e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waihona ʻikepili. ua hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia he 7 mau haʻawina (10%) ke kumu o nā palapala i hoʻohana ʻia.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia he 47 mau haʻawina (69%) i ka 3DPAM ma muli o ka computed tomography, a ua hōʻike ʻia he 3 mau haʻawina (4%) i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microCT. Ua hoʻolele ʻia he 7 mau ʻatikala (10%) nā mea 3D me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā scanner optical, 4 mau ʻatikala (6%) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka MRI, a me 1 ʻatikala (1%) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kāmela a me nā microscope. ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia he 14 mau ʻatikala (21%) ke kumu o nā faila kumu hoʻolālā kumu hoʻohālike 3D. Hana ʻia nā faila 3D me ka awelika o ka hoʻonā spatial ma lalo o 0.5 mm. ʻO ka hoʻonā kūpono loa he 30 μm [80] a ʻo ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe loa he 1.5 mm [32].
Ua hoʻohana ʻia he kanaono mau polokalamu polokalamu like ʻole (segmentation, modeling, design a i ʻole paʻi). ʻO Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia (14 mau haʻawina, 21%), ukali ʻia e MeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (13 mau haʻawina, 19%), Geomagic (3D System, MO, NC, Leesville). (10 mau haʻawina, 15%), 3D Slicer (Slicer Developer Training, Boston, MA) (9 mau haʻawina, 13%), Blender (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (8 mau haʻawina, 12%) a me CURA (Geldemarsen, Netherlands) (7 mau haʻawina, 10%).
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he kanaono kumamāhiku mau ʻano mīkini paʻi like ʻole a me ʻelima mau kaʻina hana paʻi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) ma 26 mau huahana (38%), ka pahū ʻana i nā mea ma 13 mau huahana (19%) a me ka pahū ʻana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa (11 mau huahana, 16%). ʻO nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia ʻo stereolithography (SLA) (5 mau ʻatikala, 7%) a me ka selective laser sintering (SLS) (4 mau ʻatikala, 6%). ʻO ka mīkini paʻi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia (7 mau ʻatikala, 10%) ʻo ia ka Connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
I ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka 3DPAM (51 mau ʻatikala, 75%), ua hoʻohana ʻia he 48 mau haʻawina (71%) nā plastics a me kā lākou mau derivatives. ʻO nā mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 13%) a me ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (7 mau ʻano, 10%). Ua nānā ʻia he 23 mau ʻatikala (34%) i ka 3DPAM i hana ʻia mai nā mea he nui, ua hōʻike ʻia he 36 mau ʻatikala (53%) i ka 3DPAM i hana ʻia mai hoʻokahi wale nō mea, a ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia he 9 mau ʻatikala (13%) i kahi mea.
Ua hōʻike ʻia he iwakāluakūmāiwa mau ʻatikala (43%) i nā lakio paʻi mai 0.25:1 a i 2:1, me ka awelika o 1:1. Ua hoʻohana nā ʻatikala he iwakāluakūmālima (37%) i ka lakio 1:1. He 28 mau 3DPAM (41%) i loaʻa nā kala he nui, a ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia he 9 (13%) ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he kanakolukūmāhā mau ʻatikala (50%) nā kumukūʻai. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 9 mau ʻatikala (13%) ke kumukūʻai o nā mīkini paʻi 3D a me nā mea maka. Loaʻa ke kumukūʻai o nā mīkini paʻi mai $302 a i $65,000. Ke kuhikuhi ʻia, loaʻa nā kumukūʻai hoʻohālike mai $1.25 a i $2,800; pili kēia mau ʻaoʻao loa i nā ʻāpana skeletal [47] a me nā hoʻohālike retroperitoneal kiʻekiʻe [48]. Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 2 i ka ʻikepili hoʻohālike no kēlā me kēia haʻawina i hoʻokomo ʻia.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia he kanakolukūmāhiku mau haʻawina (54%) i ka 3DAPM me kahi kumu hoʻohālike kuhikuhi. Ma waena o kēia mau haʻawina, ʻo ka mea hoʻohālikelike maʻamau he kumu hoʻohālike kuhikuhi anatomical, i hoʻohana ʻia ma 14 mau ʻatikala (38%), nā hoʻomākaukau plastinated ma 6 mau ʻatikala (16%), nā hoʻomākaukau plastinated ma 6 mau ʻatikala (16%). Hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo virtual, ke kiʻi ʻana i ka tomography computed i hoʻokahi 3DPAM ma 5 mau ʻatikala (14%), kekahi 3DPAM ma 3 mau ʻatikala (8%), nā pāʻani koʻikoʻi ma 1 ʻatikala (3%), nā radiographs ma 1 ʻatikala (3%), nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana ma 1 ʻatikala (3%) a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻonui ʻia ma 1 ʻatikala (3%). Ua loiloi nā haʻawina kanakolukūmāhā (50%) i ka 3DPAM. Ua wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia nā ʻike o nā mea loiloi he ʻumikumamālima (48%) mau haʻawina (Papa 3). Ua hana ʻia ʻo 3DPAM e nā kauka ʻoki kino a i ʻole nā kauka hele ma 7 mau haʻawina (47%), nā loea anatomical ma 6 mau haʻawina (40%), nā haumāna ma 3 mau haʻawina (20%), nā kumu (ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana) ma 3 mau haʻawina (20%) no ka loiloi a hoʻokahi loiloi hou aʻe ma ka ʻatikala (7%). ʻO ka awelika o nā loiloi he 14 (ka liʻiliʻi he 2, ka nui he 30). He kanakolukumamākolu mau haʻawina (49%) i loiloi i ke ʻano 3DPAM ma ke ʻano qualitative, a he 10 mau haʻawina (15%) i loiloi i ke ʻano 3DPAM ma ke ʻano quantitative. No nā haʻawina 33 i hoʻohana i nā loiloi qualitative, he 16 i hoʻohana i nā loiloi wehewehe wale nō (48%), he 9 i hoʻohana i nā hoʻāʻo/loiloi/nā noiʻi (27%), a he 8 i hoʻohana i nā unahi Likert (24%). Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 3 i nā loiloi morphological o nā kumu hoʻohālike i kēlā me kēia haʻawina i hoʻokomo ʻia.
Ua nānā a hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻatikala he kanakolukumamākolu (48%) i ka pono o ke aʻo ʻana iā 3DPAM i nā haumāna. No kēia mau haʻawina, ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻoluʻolu o nā haumāna he 23 (70%), ua hoʻohana ʻia nā unahi Likert he 17 (51%), a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe he 6 (18%). Ua loiloi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o nā haumāna he iwakāluakūmālua (67%) ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻike, a he 10 (30%) o ia mau mea i hoʻohana i nā hoʻokolohua mua a me/a i ʻole nā hoʻokolohua ma hope. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā nīnau koho he ʻumikumamākahi (33%) a me nā hoʻokolohua koho he nui e loiloi i ka ʻike o nā haumāna, a ʻelima mau haʻawina (15%) i hoʻohana i ka lepili kiʻi/ʻike anatomical. He awelika o 76 mau haumāna i komo i kēlā me kēia haʻawina (ka palena iki he 8, ka nui he 319). He iwakāluakūmāhā mau haʻawina (72%) he hui kaohi, a he 20 (60%) o ia mau mea i hoʻohana i ka randomization. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hāʻawi hewa kekahi haʻawina (3%) i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical i 10 mau haumāna like ʻole. Ma ka awelika, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia he 2.6 mau hui (ka palena iki he 2, ka nui he 10). He iwakāluakūmākolu mau haʻawina (70%) i pili i nā haumāna lapaʻau, a he 14 (42%) o ia mau haʻawina he mau haumāna lapaʻau makahiki mua. ʻEono (18%) mau haʻawina i pili i nā kamaʻāina, 4 (12%) mau haumāna niho, a me 3 (9%) mau haumāna ʻepekema. ʻEono mau haʻawina (18%) i hoʻokō a loiloi i ke aʻo kūʻokoʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM. Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 4 i nā hopena o ka loiloi pono o ke aʻo ʻana 3DPAM no kēlā me kēia haʻawina i hoʻokomo ʻia.
ʻO nā pono nui i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā 3DPAM ma ke ʻano he mea hana aʻo no ke anatomy kanaka maʻamau, ʻo ia nā ʻano ʻike maka a me nā ʻano paʻi, me ka realism [55, 67], ka pololei [44, 50, 72, 85], a me ka loli like ʻole [34, 45]. , 48, 64], kala a me ka moakāka [28, 45], kūpaʻa [24, 56, 73], hopena hoʻonaʻauao [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], kumukūʻai [27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], hana hou ʻia [80], hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi a pilikino paha [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67 , 80], ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā haumāna [30, 49], mālama i ka manawa aʻo [61, 80], maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana [61], ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka anatomy hana a i ʻole e hana i nā ʻano kikoʻī [51, 53], 67], hoʻolālā wikiwiki o nā hiʻohiʻona iwi [81], ka hiki ke hana pū nā kumu hoʻohālike a lawe iā lākou i ka home [49, 60, 71], hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hiki ke hoʻololi noʻonoʻo [23] a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike [32], a me ke kumu [25, 63] a me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka haumāna [25, 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
ʻO nā hemahema nui e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā: paʻakikī [80], kūlike [28, 62], nele i nā kikoʻī a i ʻole ka transparency [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], ʻālohilohi loa nā kala [45]. a me ka fragility o ka papahele [71]. ʻO nā hemahema ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka nalowale o ka ʻike [30, 76], ka lōʻihi o ka manawa e pono ai no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kiʻi [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], ka manawa paʻi [57, 63, 66, 67], nele i ka loli anatomical [25], a me ke kumukūʻai. Kiʻekiʻe [48].
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana i 68 mau ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma luna o 9 mau makahiki a hōʻike i ka hoihoi o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema i ka 3DPAM ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia kanaka maʻamau. Ua aʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana anatomical a ua paʻi ʻia ma 3D. No kēia mau ʻatikala, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia he 37 mau ʻatikala i ka 3DPAM me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe, a ua loiloi ʻia he 33 mau ʻatikala i ka pilina aʻo o 3DPAM no nā haumāna.
Ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā haʻawina paʻi 3D anatomical, ʻaʻole mākou i manaʻo he kūpono ke hana i kahi meta-analysis. ʻO kahi meta-analysis i paʻi ʻia ma 2020 i kālele nui ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua ʻike anatomical ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano loea a me ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana ʻana o 3DPAM [10].
ʻO ka ʻāpana poʻo ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia, malia paha no ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kona anatomia i nā haumāna e hōʻike i kēia ʻāpana anatomical i loko o kahi ʻekolu-dimensional i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lālā a i ʻole ke kino. ʻO CT ka modality kiʻi i hoʻohana nui ʻia. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻenehana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi lapaʻau, akā he palena palena o ka hoʻonā spatial a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻokoʻa palupalu. ʻO kēia mau palena e hana i nā scan CT i kūpono ʻole no ka segmentation a me ke hoʻohālike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka computed tomography no ka segmentation/modeling ʻiʻo iwi; Kōkua ka ʻokoʻa iwi/iʻo palupalu e hoʻopau i kēia mau ʻanuʻu ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical 3D. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo microCT ka ʻenehana kuhikuhi ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonā spatial i ke kiʻi iwi [70]. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā scanner optical a i ʻole MRI e loaʻa nā kiʻi. ʻO ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe e pale aku i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o nā ʻili iwi a mālama i ka maalea o nā ʻano anatomical [59]. Hoʻopilikia pū ke koho ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka hoʻonā spatial: no ka laʻana, he haʻahaʻa ka hoʻonā o nā hiʻohiʻona plasticization [45]. Pono nā mea hoʻolālā kiʻi e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D maʻamau, kahi e hoʻonui ai i nā kumukūʻai ($25 a i $150 i kēlā me kēia hola) [43]. ʻAʻole lawa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā faila .STL kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical kiʻekiʻe. Pono e hoʻoholo i nā palena paʻi, e like me ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike anatomical ma ka pā paʻi [29]. Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana paʻi holomua e like me SLS i nā wahi āpau e hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei o 3DPAM [38]. Pono ke kōkua ʻoihana no ka hana ʻana o 3DPAM; ʻo nā loea i ʻimi nui ʻia he mau ʻenekinia [72], nā radiologists, [75], nā mea hoʻolālā kiʻi [43] a me nā anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
He mau mea nui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka polokalamu hoʻohālike i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical pololei, akā ʻo ke kumukūʻai o kēia mau pūʻolo polokalamu a me ko lākou paʻakikī ke keakea nei i kā lākou hoʻohana. Ua hoʻohālikelike kekahi mau haʻawina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻolo polokalamu like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana paʻi, e hōʻike ana i nā pono a me nā hemahema o kēlā me kēia ʻenehana [68]. Ma waho aʻe o ka polokalamu hoʻohālike, pono pū ka polokalamu paʻi e kūlike me ka mīkini paʻi i koho ʻia; makemake kekahi mau mea kākau e hoʻohana i ka paʻi 3D pūnaewele [75]. Inā lawa ka paʻi ʻana o nā mea 3D, hiki i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ke alakaʻi i nā hoʻihoʻi kālā [72].
ʻO ka palakiko ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻO kona ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano a me nā kala e lilo ia i mea koho no 3DPAM. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi kekahi mau mea kākau i kona ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hiʻohiʻona cadaveric a i ʻole plastinated kuʻuna [24, 56, 73]. Loaʻa i kekahi mau palakiko nā waiwai kūlou a hoʻolōʻihi paha. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka Filaflex me ka ʻenehana FDM ke hoʻolōʻihi a hiki i ka 700%. Manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau ʻo ia ka mea koho no ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻiʻo, tendon a me ka ligament [63]. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hāpai ʻelua mau haʻawina i nā nīnau e pili ana i ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka fiber i ka wā o ka paʻi ʻana. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mea koʻikoʻi ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka fiber muscle, ka hoʻokomo ʻana, ka innervation, a me ka hana i ka hoʻohālike ʻana o ka ʻiʻo [33].
ʻO ka mea kupanaha, he kakaikahi nā haʻawina e ʻōlelo ana i ke ana o ka paʻi ʻana. No ka mea, manaʻo ka poʻe he nui he maʻamau ka lakio 1:1, ua koho paha ka mea kākau ʻaʻole e haʻi aku. ʻOiai he mea pono ka hoʻonui ʻana no ke aʻo ʻana i nā hui nui, ʻaʻole i ʻimi ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia, ʻoiai me ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o ka papa a me ka nui kino o ke kumu hoʻohālike he mea nui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā unahi nui piha e maʻalahi ka ʻimi a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā ʻano mea anatomical like ʻole i ka mea maʻi, kahi e wehewehe ai i ke kumu e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai lākou.
ʻO nā mīkini paʻi he nui i loaʻa ma ka mākeke, ʻo ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana PolyJet (mea a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopaʻa inkjet) e hāʻawi i ke kala a me ka paʻi wehewehe kiʻekiʻe multi-layer (a no laila multi-texture) ma waena o US$20,000 a me US$250,000 (https: //www.aniwaa.com/). Hiki i kēia kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ke kaupalena i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o 3DPAM ma nā kula lapaʻau. Ma waho aʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka mīkini paʻi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea e pono ai no ka paʻi inkjet ma mua o nā mīkini paʻi SLA a i ʻole FDM [68]. ʻOi aku ka uku o nā kumukūʻai no nā mīkini paʻi SLA a i ʻole FDM, mai €576 a €4,999 i nā ʻatikala i helu ʻia ma kēia loiloi. Wahi a Tripodi a me nā hoa hana, hiki ke paʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana iwi no US$1.25 [47]. Ua hoʻoholo nā haʻawina he ʻumikumamākahi he ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka paʻi 3D ma mua o ka plasticization a i ʻole nā mamana kalepa [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83]. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kalepa e hāʻawi i ka ʻike maʻi me ka ʻole o nā kikoʻī lawa no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy [80]. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kalepa he haʻahaʻa ma mua o 3DPAM [44]. He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana, me ka ʻenehana paʻi i hoʻohana ʻia, ua kūlike ke kumukūʻai hope loa me ka unahi a no laila ka nui hope loa o ka 3DPAM [48]. No kēia mau kumu, makemake ʻia ka unahi piha [37].
Hoʻokahi wale nō haʻawina i hoʻohālikelike i ka 3DPAM me nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical i loaʻa ma ke kālepa [72]. ʻO nā laʻana cadaveric ka mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no 3DPAM. ʻOiai ko lākou mau palena, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona cadaveric he mea hana waiwai nui ia no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomia. Pono e hana ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka autopsy, dissection a me ka iwi maloʻo. Ma muli o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua hōʻike ʻelua mau haʻawina ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka 3DPAM ma mua o ka dissection plastinated [16, 27]. Hoʻohālikelike kekahi haʻawina i hoʻokahi hola o ke aʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM (ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa) me hoʻokahi hola o ka dissection o ka ʻāpana anatomical like [78]. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻano aʻo ʻelua. He mea hiki ke liʻiliʻi ka noiʻi ʻana ma kēia kumuhana no ka mea he paʻakikī ke hana i kēlā mau hoʻohālikelike. He hoʻomākaukau manawa ka dissection no nā haumāna. I kekahi manawa he mau hola o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana e pono ai, ma muli o ka mea e hoʻomākaukau ʻia nei. Hiki ke hana ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike ʻekolu me nā iwi maloʻo. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina na Tsai lāua ʻo Smith ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā helu hoʻokolohua ma ka hui e hoʻohana ana i ka 3DPAM [51, 63]. Ua ʻike ʻo Chen a me nā hoa hana ua hana maikaʻi nā haumāna e hoʻohana ana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano (nā iwi poʻo), akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i nā helu MCQ [69]. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hōʻike ʻo Tanner a me nā hoa hana i nā hopena post-test maikaʻi aʻe ma kēia hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM o ka pterygopalatine fossa [46]. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea hana aʻo hou ʻē aʻe ma kēia loiloi palapala. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i waena o lākou ʻo ia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻonui ʻia, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo virtual a me nā pāʻani koʻikoʻi [43]. Wahi a Mahrous a me nā hoa hana, ʻo ka makemake no nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical e pili ana i ka nui o nā hola e pāʻani ai nā haumāna i nā pāʻani wikiō [31]. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo kahi hemahema nui o nā mea hana aʻo anatomy hou he haptic feedback, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā mea hana virtual wale nō [48].
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e loiloi ana i ka 3DPAM hou ua hoʻohana i nā hoʻokolohua mua o ka ʻike. Kōkua kēia mau hoʻokolohua mua i ka pale ʻana i ka manaʻo pāʻokoʻa i ka loiloi. ʻO kekahi mau mea kākau, ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua, e kāpae i nā haumāna āpau i loaʻa ka helu ma luna o ka awelika ma ka hoʻokolohua mua [40]. Ma waena o nā manaʻo pāʻokoʻa i ʻōlelo ʻia e Garas a me nā hoa hana, ʻo ia ke kala o ke kumu hoʻohālike a me ke koho ʻana o nā mea manawaleʻa i ka papa haumāna [61]. Hoʻomaʻalahi ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano anatomical. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Chen a me nā hoa hana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi me ka ʻole o nā ʻokoʻa mua ma waena o nā hui a ua hoʻopōkole ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ka hiki ke hiki [69]. Manaʻo ʻo Lim a me nā hoa hana e hoʻopau ʻia ka loiloi ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo e kahi ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e pale aku i ka manaʻo pāʻokoʻa i ka loiloi [16]. Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau haʻawina i nā unahi Likert e loiloi i ka hiki ke hana ʻia o 3DPAM. He kūpono kēia mea hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻoluʻolu, akā aia nō nā manaʻo pāʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi e makaʻala ai [86].
Ua loiloi nui ʻia ke kūlana hoʻonaʻauao o 3DPAM ma waena o nā haumāna lapaʻau, me nā haumāna lapaʻau makahiki mua, ma 14 o 33 mau haʻawina. Ma kā lākou haʻawina hoʻāʻo, ua hōʻike ʻo Wilk a me nā hoa hana ua manaʻoʻiʻo nā haumāna lapaʻau e hoʻokomo ʻia ka paʻi 3D i kā lākou aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy [87]. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo 87% o nā haumāna i noiʻi ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana a Cercenelli ʻo ka makahiki ʻelua o ke aʻo ʻana ka manawa kūpono loa e hoʻohana ai i ka 3DPAM [84]. Ua hōʻike pū nā hopena o Tanner a me nā hoa hana ua hana maikaʻi nā haumāna inā ʻaʻole lākou i aʻo i ke kahua [46]. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili ʻo ka makahiki mua o ke kula lapaʻau ka manawa kūpono loa e hoʻokomo i ka 3DPAM i ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy. Ua kākoʻo ka meta-analysis a Ye i kēia manaʻo [18]. Ma nā ʻatikala 27 i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke aʻo ʻana, aia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā helu hoʻāʻo ma waena o 3DPAM a me nā hiʻohiʻona kuʻuna no nā haumāna lapaʻau, akā ʻaʻole no nā kamaʻāina.
Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo 3DPAM ma ke ʻano he mea hana aʻo i ka hoʻokō haʻawina [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike lōʻihi [32], a me ka ʻoluʻolu o nā haumāna [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63, 66]. , 69 , 84]. Ua ʻike pū nā panela o nā loea he pono kēia mau hiʻohiʻona [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], a ua ʻike ʻelua mau haʻawina i ka ʻoluʻolu o ke kumu me 3DPAM [25, 63]. Ma waena o nā kumu āpau, manaʻo ʻo Backhouse a me nā hoa hana ʻo ka paʻi 3D ke koho maikaʻi loa i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical kuʻuna [49]. I kā lākou meta-analysis mua, ua hōʻoia ʻo Ye a me nā hoa hana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā helu post-test o nā haumāna i loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo aʻo 3DPAM ma mua o nā haumāna i loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo aʻo 2D a i ʻole cadaver [10]. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokaʻawale lākou i ka 3DPAM ʻaʻole ma ka paʻakikī, akā ma ka puʻuwai wale nō, ka ʻōnaehana nerve, a me ka lua ʻōpū. Ma nā haʻawina ʻehiku, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 3DPAM ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia i nā haumāna [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84]. Ma kā lākou meta-analysis, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Salazar a me nā hoa hana ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o 3DPAM e hoʻomaikaʻi pono i ka ʻike o ke anatomy paʻakikī [17]. Kūlike kēia manaʻo me ka leka a Hitas i ka mea hoʻoponopono [88]. ʻO kekahi mau wahi anatomical i manaʻo ʻia he liʻiliʻi ka paʻakikī ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻohana ʻana o 3DPAM, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahi anatomical paʻakikī (e like me ka ʻāʻī a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana nerve) he koho kūpono no 3DPAM. Hiki i kēia manaʻo ke wehewehe i ke kumu i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ai kekahi mau 3DPAM ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona kuʻuna, ʻoiai inā nele nā haumāna i ka ʻike ma ke kahua kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka hana hoʻohālike he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. No laila, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike maʻalahi i nā haumāna i loaʻa mua kekahi ʻike o ke kumuhana (nā haumāna lapaʻau a i ʻole nā kamaʻāina) ʻaʻole ia he mea kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana a nā haumāna.
Ma waena o nā pono hoʻonaʻauao āpau i helu ʻia, ua hoʻokūpaʻa nā haʻawina he 11 i nā ʻano ʻike maka a paʻi paha o nā kumu hoʻohālike [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], a ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā haʻawina he 3 i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa (33, 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). ʻO nā pono ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā haumāna ke hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano, hiki i nā kumu ke mālama i ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o nā kupapaʻu, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana i loko o 24 mau hola, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana homeschooling, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e aʻo i ka nui o ka ʻike. nā hui [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. ʻO ka paʻi 3D hou no ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kiʻekiʻe e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai o nā kumu hoʻohālike paʻi 3D [26]. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 3DPAM ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hiki ke hoʻohuli noʻonoʻo [23] a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻokiʻoki [23, 32]. Ua ʻike ʻia i ʻelua mau haʻawina ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ʻoki kino ʻana o nā haumāna i hōʻike ʻia i ka 3DPAM [40, 74]. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻohui metala e hana i ka neʻe ʻana e pono ai ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy hana [51, 53], a i ʻole hiki ke paʻi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻāla [67].
ʻO ka paʻi 3D e ʻae i ka hana ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano i ka wā o ke kahua hoʻohālike, [48, 80] e hana ana i kahi kumu kūpono, [59] e hoʻohui ana i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui, [36] me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka transparency, (49) kala, [45] a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano kūloko [30]. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Tripodi a me nā hoa hana i ka pālolo sculpting e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona iwi i paʻi ʻia ma 3D, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka waiwai o nā hiʻohiʻona i hana pū ʻia e like me nā mea hana aʻo [47]. Ma 9 mau haʻawina, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke kala ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], akā ua hoʻopili wale nā haumāna iā ia hoʻokahi [49]. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i loiloi ka haʻawina i ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona a i ʻole ke kaʻina o ke aʻo ʻana. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaʻauao anatomy, ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia nā pono o ke aʻo ʻana i hui pū ʻia a me ka hana pū ʻana [89]. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana hoʻolaha e ulu nei, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke aʻo ponoʻī e loiloi i nā kumu hoʻohālike [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Ua hoʻoholo kekahi haʻawina ua ʻālohilohi loa ke kala o ka mea palakiko [45], ua hoʻoholo kekahi haʻawina ua palupalu loa ke kumu hoʻohālike [71], a ua hōʻike ʻelua mau haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka nele o ka ʻokoʻa anatomical i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā kumu hoʻohālike pākahi [25, 45]. . Ua hoʻoholo ʻehiku mau haʻawina ʻaʻole lawa ka kikoʻī anatomical o 3DPAM [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
No nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical kikoʻī o nā ʻāpana nui a paʻakikī, e like me ka retroperitoneum a i ʻole ka iwi kuamoʻo cervical, ua manaʻo ʻia ka manawa segmentation a me ke kumu hoʻohālike he lōʻihi loa a he kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai (ma kahi o US$2000) [27, 48]. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hojo a me nā hoa hana i kā lākou noiʻi ua hala he 40 mau hola e hana i ke kumu hoʻohālike anatomical o ka pelvis [42]. ʻO ka manawa segmentation lōʻihi loa he 380 mau hola i loko o kahi noiʻi na Weatherall a me nā hoa hana, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā hiʻohiʻona he nui e hana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike ea pediatric piha [36]. I loko o ʻeiwa mau noiʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka manawa segmentation a me ka paʻi ʻana he mau hemahema [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohewa nā noiʻi he 12 i nā waiwai kino o kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻoiai ko lākou kūlike, [28, 62] nele o ka transparency, [30] fragility a me monochromaticity, [71] nele o nā ʻiʻo palupalu, [66] a i ʻole nele o nā kikoʻī [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Hiki ke lanakila ʻia kēia mau hemahema ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa hoʻokaʻawale a i ʻole ka simulation. ʻO ka nalowale ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike pili he pilikia ia i kū i ʻekolu mau hui [30, 74, 77]. Wahi a nā hōʻike a ka mea maʻi, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi nā mea hoʻohālikelike iodinated i ka ʻike vascular kūpono ma muli o nā palena o ka lāʻau [74]. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o kahi kumu hoʻohālike cadaveric me he mea lā he ala kūpono ia e neʻe aku ai mai ke kumumanaʻo o "ka liʻiliʻi e like me ka hiki" a me nā palena o ka nui o ka mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻokomo ʻia.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o 3DPAM e nā ʻatikala he nui. ʻAʻole i haʻi maopopo ʻia ma mua o ka hapalua o nā ʻatikala inā ua kala ʻia kā lākou 3DPAM. ʻAʻole kūlike ka uhi ʻana o ka laulā o ka paʻi ʻana (43% o nā ʻatikala), a he 34% wale nō i haʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāpaho he nui. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau palena paʻi no ka mea ke hoʻohuli nei lākou i nā waiwai aʻo o 3DPAM. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ka hapa nui o nā ʻatikala i ka ʻike lawa e pili ana i nā paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana o 3DPAM (ka manawa hoʻolālā, nā hōʻoia limahana, nā kumukūʻai polokalamu, nā kumukūʻai paʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike a pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e hoʻomaka i kahi papahana e hoʻomohala i kahi 3DPAM hou.
Hōʻike kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana he hiki ke hoʻolālā a paʻi 3D i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical maʻamau ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana nei i nā mīkini paʻi FDM a i ʻole SLA a me nā mea plastik kala hoʻokahi. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau hoʻolālā kumu ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kala a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hoʻolālā i nā mea like ʻole. ʻOi aku ka maoli o nā hiʻohiʻona (i paʻi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea he nui o nā kala like ʻole a me nā ʻano e hana hou i nā ʻano tactile o kahi kumu hoʻohālike kuhikuhi cadaver) pono i nā ʻenehana paʻi 3D ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi a me nā manawa hoʻolālā lōʻihi. E hoʻonui nui kēia i ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻohe mea i ke kaʻina hana paʻi i koho ʻia, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi kūpono ke kī i ka holomua o 3DPAM. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonā spatial, ʻoi aku ka maoli o ke kumu hoʻohālike a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka noiʻi holomua. Mai kahi manaʻo pedagogical, he mea hana pono ʻo 3DPAM no ke aʻo ʻana i ka anatomy, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e nā hoʻokolohua ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia i nā haumāna a me ko lākou ʻoluʻolu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena aʻo o 3DPAM ke hana hou ia i nā wahi anatomical paʻakikī a hoʻohana nā haumāna iā ia i ka wā mua o kā lākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka lehulehu nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia a/a i kālailai ʻia ma ke noiʻi o kēia manawa ma muli o nā pilikia ʻōlelo akā loaʻa mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono.
ʻO Drake RL, Lowry DJ, Pruitt CM. He loiloi o nā papa hana anatomia nui, microanatomy, neurobiology, a me nā embryology ma nā papa hana kula lapaʻau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Anat Rec. 2002;269(2):118-22.
ʻO Ghosh SK Cadaveric dissection ma ke ʻano he mea hana hoʻonaʻauao no ka ʻepekema anatomical i ke kenekulia 21: Dissection ma ke ʻano he mea hana hoʻonaʻauao. Ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻepekema. 2017;10(3):286–99.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-09-2024